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A mechanical link is called the constraints imposed on the coordinates and speeds of a mechanical system, which must be fulfilled in any of its movements. A relationship can be described mathematically as equality or inequality containing time, coordinates ... ... Wikipedia
scleronomic connection - skleronominis ryšys statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. scleronomic constraint; stationary constraint vok. skleronome Bindung, f; stationäre Bindung, f rus. scleronomic connection, f; stationary communication, f pranc. liaison scléronomique, f ... Fizikos terminų žodynas
Impact of results c. L. process for its course. If at the same time the intensity of the process increases, then O. s. called positive, and in the opposite field. case of p and t and t e l about th. Negative. O. s. can provide automatic ... ... Physical encyclopedia
It was used by the troops in the 19th and early 20th centuries, including the 1st World War and the Civil War in Russia. The base of the pigeon communication was a stationary or mobile (field) pigeon station (dovecote). A written message was attached to the paw ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Information transfer: between earth points and spacecraft (SC); between two or more terrestrial points through spacecraft located in space or artificial means (Belt of needles, a cloud of ionized particles and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Not to be confused with By pigeon mail by means of ordinary postal service. Pigeon liaison service ... Wikipedia
A mechanical link is called the constraints imposed on the coordinates and speeds of a mechanical system, which must be fulfilled in any of its movements. A relationship can be described mathematically as equality or inequality containing time, ... ... Wikipedia
Theory of linear stationary systems is a branch of the theory of dynamical systems that studies the behavior and dynamic properties of linear stationary systems (LSS). Widely used in the control process technical systems, digital signal processing and ... Wikipedia
Telephone communication in Belarus includes all networks and telecommunication equipment in Belarus, allowing the transmission and reception of audio information using special telecommunication devices (most often ... ... Wikipedia
Used by the troops in the 19th century. 20th century, including the 1st World War and the Civil War in Russia. The base of the pigeon communication was a stationary or mobile (field) pigeon station (dovecote). A written message was attached to the pigeon's leg ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The purpose of this article is to explain the consumer properties of various technologies for providing telephone communications in the residential sector. Traditionally for services based on information technology, the principle is that “newer is better for consumers”, how could it be otherwise, because this is the basis of technological progress?
Since the invention of the telephone in the 19th century, technology has stepped forward - not only is changing appearance devices, but also the very principles of the implementation of telephone communication - it is difficult to imagine a workplace, apartment or house in which there is no telephone ...
However, in the case of such an “old-fashioned” service as fixed telephony for individuals, things are not so simple. New technology, having appeared, sometimes for many years, makes its way into life, improving and overcoming numerous problems. The most difficult thing here is usually to ensure full compatibility with everything that was created before (and a lot has been created in more than 130 years of telephony history). Until this process is completed, the consumer of such a service suffers. This happens in this moment with IP telephony.
Disadvantages of IP-telephony in comparison with traditional telephony
1. Binding to terrain
Traditional fixed telephone communications, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation, without fail provides subscribers with a call to emergency services (01, 02, 03). To do this, the telecom operator will organize a connection at a local communication center and a junction with local emergency services. This means that if you dial 01.02.03 or 04 in your city, you will get to the corresponding services of YOUR city, in addition, emergency services will immediately know where the call came from.
In the case of IP telephony, with a 99% probability of bandaging with emergency services none at all, or performed in the wrong area where the IP telephony service is provided. Calling an ambulance in Lyubertsy, you risk getting, for example, in Krasnogorsk.
2. Energy independence and reliability
Traditional telephony is provided over copper wires directly from the PBX. The fault tolerance of such a network is as high as possible: the copper pair is intact - there is a connection. The reliability of the service actually depends only on the integrity of the cable, everything else is very stable. According to the legal requirement, PBX is provided with reliable uninterruptible power supply with backup for 24 hours. Even if the lights in your house go out as a result of an accident, the traditional telephone service continues to work! You can easily call the emergency service on your phone.
IP telephony is provided over home data transmission networks, and ends with subscriber active equipment (IP telephony gateway, which allows the subscriber to receive a regular telephone signal from the data transmission network). This whole design has a lot of points of potential unreliability: problems with software, problems on the data transmission network (viruses, attacks, network storms, etc.), problems with power supply at any stage, "freezing" of equipment, etc.
3. Compatibility with telephony networks
Having connected to a fixed telephone connection, you can be sure: faxes and modems will work, calls to all telephone numbers and from all telephone numbers will reach the addressee. In the case of IP telephony, faxing is not guaranteed. In some cases, all these services have to be set up and launched independently, for which the subscriber needs to have special knowledge.
4. Non-departmental security
Private security alarm (VOKHR) works without problems through the traditional fixed telephone network. The activation of such a service via IP-telephony is not performed; it is necessary to install a more expensive GSM-signaling from commercial security agencies.
Someday, after 10 years, the boundaries between classic and IP telephony will be completely erased, for now, for the consumer, fixed telephony is preferable.
However, IP telephony has its own advantages - it is an alternative to conventional landline telephone or mobile communications in case your house does not have a landline phone or there is not enough telephone lines with a telecom operator, or maybe you are in an area of \u200b\u200bunreliable reception of a cellular network, but you have the Internet. Basically, this service is targeted at corporate clients to create specific configurations that require more capabilities.
Fixed telephony usually means continuous communication between two or more subscribers using painfully familiar wired connections.
Fixed telephony is generally understood to mean continuous communication between two or more subscribers using a painfully familiar wired connection. No matter where they are, no matter what their name is - wires will provide reliable communication ... and a significant score - in confirmation of the considerable labor costs of telecom operators.
Which of us is fixed?
Establishing a fixed connection - what is it? Connecting the machine to the machine via an analog telephone network? Any contact whose duration is noteworthy? Every call, the original data of which is stored in the server's memory, including the recording of conversations and advanced voicemail capabilities?
If you are attracted to the latter option, the best way out is. Extensive functionality and relatively low cost of services are the main arguments in favor of this solution.
Most often, the concept of "fixed connection" implies the assignment of a "city" telephone number to the subscriber. The interlocutor on the other end of the line wants to be sure that calls to a number in the home city or region code will not cost him a pretty penny, and this is guaranteed by federal law.
Regardless of whether a regional number is provided for lease by operators of cellular, satellite, IP- or analog telephony, the tariffs for intra-zone communication will be lower. True, in this case, the fixed telephone connection is the result of an agreement between the providers of communication services, enshrined in law.
Fixed telephony - recent years or just the beginning?
Even 20 years ago, having a landline telephone in an apartment was an important factor. For many people, he opened a window into the world of communication with relatives, friends and acquaintances, and distances played almost no role. The presence of a subscriber line increased not only the status of its inhabitants, but also the cost of housing. Moreover, potential subscribers were ready to pay any money, stand in lines and even lay the "last mile" on their own for the sake of the cherished socket near the baseboard. However, with the coming mobile communication, and especially the cellular monopoly of PSTN was destroyed. The benefits of a new means of communication are innumerable, and now more and more people are opting for mobile communications. However, despite the comparable cost, lack of mobility and a wide range of additional services, it is still too early to say goodbye to landline communications. It has some advantages that are not visible at first glance, which leave it the right to exist in the future.
The advantages of cellular over landline are obvious. Let's consider the other side of this issue. The most noticeable difference between fixed communication and mobile communication is the way of organizing the "last mile", i.e. connections between the network core and. In any mobile network, there is a section that uses a radio connection. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage at the same time. The radio connection allows the subscriber to move in space. However, this is the least secure part of the network, because access to it is practically not protected by anything. It can be affected by both internal and external interference, and the only protection will be the noise immunity of the system itself. Despite the abundance of various algorithms for countering interference, some of them still have a negative impact. This, in turn, leads to the appearance of interference during the telephone conversation, loss of communication and disconnection of the connection. In PSTN, the access network is based on a wired connection (copper and / or optical network), which is much more immune to interference. In addition, another disadvantage of a radio connection is less resistance to attackers who can both read information from the radio and interfere with the operation of the system. However, the latter problem has been largely solved with the advent of cellular communication systems of the third () and fourth () generations. Also, the fixed network is usually built with much less possibility of blocking on the access network than cellular networks. In addition, it should be noted that in practice fixed networks are more resilient to critical situations. During emergencies, cellular networks are congested faster than fixed-line networks and cannot serve as a guaranteed method of communication.
The noted advantages give grounds for the existence of fixed networks in the future. But, most likely, they will no longer look like the networks that have existed so far. The networks currently in operation are outdated morally and physically and cannot meet all existing subscriber needs. The main changes will affect, firstly, the way of organization. These will no longer be "thick" bundles of worn out copper wires, but, moreover, suitable to the very apartment. The use of broadband is due to the ever-increasing demands for the quality and speed of Internet access. It is clear that in the presence of a high-speed communication line, there is no need for a twisted pair. The second major change will be the move from circuit-switched to packet-switched technology. Most likely, the protocol will be used as a protocol, which ultimately will give the technology - effective method organization of voice streams in data transmission channels.
Not so long ago, many mobile operators began to offer fixed-line services. This is one of the well-known types of voice communication that modern entrepreneurs need to ...
Now we will consider the aspects of the implementation of the IN-protocol of the CAMEL mobile network and how the FMC fixed-mobile convergence service operates on its basis. Useful for those who are pragmatically interested in telephony in the office, or more theoretically - the work of some aspects of mobile communications in principle.
What does it mean?
- Simple Numbers: No longer need to memorize or write down long DEF numbers. Any employee can be reached on the phone knowing his very short office number.
- With FMC, you can simply dial a number and immediately connect to the desired fixed phone, without dialing any additional PBX. Connection time is reduced by about a minute.
- You can create individual rules for incoming and outgoing communications: for example, no more “unnecessary” calls outside of working hours.
How it works?
If you remember the basics of building gSM networks, then, in principle, its structure can be depicted as follows.
- Bts (Base Transceiver Station) - base station. Its functions include the formation of a radio signal, encryption, installation and maintenance of the signal at the physical level.
- Bsc (Base Station Controller) - base station controller. This node is responsible for managing a group of base stations, regulating the signal level and conducting a handover (switching a call from one base station to another during a conversation).
- MSC (Mobile Switching Center) - mobile switching center. Its functions include directly connecting a call between two (or more) subscribers. In practice, this node is often combined with VLR (Visitor Location Register) - a guest location register, a database responsible for storing all user information about subscribers registered in the coverage area of \u200b\u200bthis switch.
- HLR (Home Location Register) - home (base) register of locations. A distributed database that stores all information about subscribers of a cellular operator: their services, settings and current status.
- AuC - (Authentication Center) - Authentication center responsible for subscriber authentication when registering in the network.
Then, in the light of the development of IP networks, this protocol was finalized and turned into SigTRAN (Signaling Transport, a transport signaling protocol based on TCP \\ IP networks)
More details about the structure of the GSM network and the OKS7 alarms can be found here in the posts (special thanks for a couple of pictures taken from the authors).
And now let's go directly to the implementation features of the INAP / CAMEL intelligent services protocols. INAP (Intellectual Network Application Part, application protocol of the intelligent network) - Ericsson's protocol, which came to mobile networks from fixed, CAMEL (Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic) is a protocol developed exclusively for mobile networks, expanding their functionality. The specifications (primarily 3GPP TS 23.078) currently describe 4 versions of this protocol.
If we touch on the technical side of the implementation, then in a simplified form it looks like this:
When a subscriber connects any CAMEL-services in billing, HLR will register O-CSI (Originating CAMEL Subscription Information, information about CAMEL subscriptions for outgoing calls) and / or T-CSI (Terminating CAMEL Subscription Information, information about CAMEL subscriptions for incoming calls) subscriptions that are responsible for the logic of processing outgoing and incoming calls, respectively. The subscription parameters indicate the address of the gsmSCF platform, which contains the logic of further call processing, service key is the unique identifier of each of the available CAMEL services, and Default call handling (the default call handling scenario) is the action to be performed with the call bypass operations. The value can be adjusted depending on the functionality and logic of the service. For example, if it is necessary that in the event of a freeze or overload of the CAMEL platform the call still passes, then the value this parameter "Continue". And if you need to stop processing this call - "Release".
A classic example is disabling tariffication for prepaid subscribers in cases of overload. In this case, Default call handling has the value "Continue", i.e. the connection is established without forming CDRs (Call Data Records) in the billing.
This feature was successfully used by students of one Rostov University, who came from some banana republic of Central Africa. At the moment the bypass was triggered (they determined it by constant requests for balance - when the prepaid billing falls, an error starts to return to requests * 102 #), students began to call home, relatives and friends. And since the phenomenon of billing falling is a rare event ( new Year, March 8 and a couple of similar holidays), they tried to communicate with a margin.
CSE - CAMEL service environment. IN-platform that stores all the logic of the services.
SSF - Service Switching Function. This functionality is activated on switches and its main task is to "trigger" calls in all cases of activity of mobile subscribers. Simply put, if the switch "sees" that the caller has an O-CSI subscription, it initiates a call to the IN platform.
SCF - Service Control Function. Functionality on the side of the IN platform, which deals with request processing, response to it and correct completion of dialogs between nodes.
When an incoming call arrives at a CAMEL subscriber, the network initiates a sequence of actions called Two step HLR interrogation (two-step implementation on HLR). Schematically, it is shown in the picture below.
The MSC receives an incoming call.
First of all, MSC sends a MAP (Mobile Application Part) request Send Routing Info (request for routing information) towards HLR'a. The response message should provide information about the current status of the subscriber (on, off, in a conversation mode, etc.), which the HLR, in turn, requests from the MSC / VLR with a message Provide Subscriber Info (provision of user information), as well as information about available T-CSI subscriptions.
After that, at the CAP protocol level (CAMEL Application Part, the application part of the CAMEL protocol), a session is initiated towards the IN-platform. Below is one of the possible scenarios for such a dialogue between MSC and IN-platform.
Message UDT BEGIN initialDP (DP - Detection Points, initiation of detection points) describes the process of the initial request towards the IN platform. The called (2) and calling (3) numbers, as well as information from the T-CSI subscription: the global title (address) of the platform and the service key (1), are used as input parameters. In addition, the type of dialogue is indicated - an incoming connection (4).
INITIAL DP ---
--- SERV KEY ---
SERV KEY: 51 (1)
--- CALLED NO ---
--- CALLED NO ---
INN IND: 1 ....... \u003d Routing to internal network number not allowed
ADDRESS: 903041XXXX (2)
--- CALLING NO ---
--- CALLING NO ---
NOA: .0000011 \u003d National (significant) number (national use)
NI: 0 ....... \u003d Complete
NUMB PLAN: .001 .... \u003d ISDN (Telephony) numbering plan (Rec. E.164)
ADDRESS: 906361UUUU (3)
--- CLG PTY C ---
--- CLG PTY C ---
CATEGORY: 10 \u003d Ordinary Calling Subscriber
--- LOC NO ---
--- LOC NO ---
NOA: 04h \u003d International number
NUMB PLAN: .001 .... \u003d ISDN (Telephony) numbering plan (Rec. E.164)
PRESENT IN: .... 00 .. \u003d Presentation allowed
SCREENING: ...... 11 \u003d Network provided
ADDRESS: 7962ZZZZZZZ
--- BEARER CAP ---
--- BEARER CAP ---
--- BEARER CAP ---
INFO TC: ... 00000 \u003d Speech
TRANS MODE: .00 ..... \u003d Circuit mode
INFO TR: ... 10000 \u003d 64 kbit / s
LAYER ID: .01 .....
USRINFO L1: ... 00011 \u003d Recommendation G.711 A-law
--- E TYP BCSM ---
E TYP BCSM: 12 \u003d termAttemptAuthorized (4)
Message (BCSM - Basic Call State Model, base model call setup) describes all possible events that can occur when trying to establish a voice connection: the subscriber is busy, unavailable, does not answer. They are the "Detection points" that were initiated by the previous message. At the very end, the Connect message indicates the number to which this call must be connected. It can be either a direct DEF subscriber number or various technological numbers used to implement additional functionality. At the same stage, if the subscriber has restrictions on incoming communications, call processing will be interrupted with cause \u003d ReleaseCall.
OPERATION ---
OPERATION: 23 \u003d requestReportBCSMEvent
--- RQ RP BCSM ---
--- BCSM EVTS ---
--- BCSM EVENT ---
--- E TYP BCSM ---
E TYP BCSM: 17 \u003d tDisconnect
--- MONIT MODE ---
MONIT MODE: 0 \u003d interrupted
--- LEG ID ---
--- SEND SD ID ---
LEG TYPE: 02h \u003d leg2
--- BCSM EVENT ---
--- E TYP BCSM ---
E TYP BCSM: 15 \u003d tAnswer
--- MONIT MODE ---
MONIT MODE: 1 \u003d notifyAndContinue
--- LEG ID ---
--- SEND SD ID ---
LEG TYPE: 02h \u003d leg2
--- BCSM EVENT ---
--- E TYP BCSM ---
E TYP BCSM: 13 \u003d tBusy
--- MONIT MODE ---
MONIT MODE: 0 \u003d interrupted
--- LEG ID ---
--- SEND SD ID ---
LEG TYPE: 02h \u003d leg2
--- BCSM EVENT ---
--- E TYP BCSM ---
E TYP BCSM: 14 \u003d tNoAnswer
--- MONIT MODE ---
MONIT MODE: 0 \u003d interrupted
--- LEG ID ---
--- SEND SD ID ---
LEG TYPE: 02h \u003d leg2
--- DP SP CRIT ---
--- APP TIMER ---
APP TIMER: 60
--- INVOKE ---
--- INVOKE ID ---
INVOKE ID: 1
\u003d\u003d\u003d CAP \u003d\u003d\u003d
--- INVOKE ---
--- OPERATION ---
OPERATION: 20 \u003d connect
--- CONNECT ---
--- DST RT ADR ---
--- CALLED NO ---
--- CALLED NO ---
NOA: .0000010 \u003d Unknown (national use)
INN IND: 0 ....... \u003d Routing to internal network number allowed
NUMB PLAN: .001 .... \u003d ISDN (Telephony) numbering plan (Rec. E.164)
ADDRESS: 9031234567
Next post UDT CONTINUE eventReportBCSM indicates which of the described events, as a result, occurred
CAP \u003d\u003d\u003d
--- INVOKE ---
--- OPERATION ---
OPERATION: 24 \u003d eventReportBCSM
--- EV RP BCSM ---
--- E TYP BCSM ---
E TYP BCSM: 13 \u003d tBusy
--- E S I BCSM ---
--- T BSY ---
--- BUSY CAUSE ---
--- CAUSE ---
CODING STD: .00 ..... \u003d CCITT standardized coding
LOCATION: .... 0000 \u003d User
CAUSE VAL: .0010001 \u003d User busy
--- REC SIDEID ---
--- REC SIDEID ---
LEG TYPE: 02h \u003d leg2
--- MISC C INF ---
--- MSG TYPE ---
MSG TYPE: 0 \u003d request
After in the message UDT CONTINUE requestReportBCSMEvent connect the number to which you need to connect the call arrived, the Second Interrogation is initiated (the second call to the HLR), and then the MSC / VLR is asked to allocate the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number, a temporary number used exclusively to route the call towards the incoming switch ). This number is then returned to the MSC in a response message and the call is initiated at the ISUP protocol layer.
Call scripts
If we consider the functionality of CAMEL directly in the context of FMC services, then call scenarios can be divided into 3 main categories:
1. Calls from mobile phone to mobile phone.
This scenario cannot be fully attributed to a converged service, but, nevertheless, I propose to consider it. The caller dials the known short number corresponding to the B-subscriber. During processing on the CAMEL platform, it is converted into a full-fledged DEF number, to which the call is routed.
2. Calls from a mobile phone to a fixed phone.
In this scenario, the mobile subscriber also dials a short number, and, during the analysis, it becomes clear that this number is from the fixed network. In this case, a unique prefix is \u200b\u200binserted at the beginning of the number, according to which routing to the MSC-PBX joint is registered. At the terminal MSC, the prefix is \u200b\u200bcut off and the number that was initially dialed reaches the PBX directly. And then, already within the fixed network, the call is routed to the desired office phone.
The peculiarity of these scenarios is that short numbers can be assigned to mobile numbers, which will be similar in structure to office numbers.
Real life example: an employee has an office phone number 5577 and a mobile phone number 15577. You can call him either by the first number (the office phone will ring) and the second (the mobile will ring).
It should also be added that a fixed connection can be organized both as a classic TDM connection and via SIP / RTP.
3. Calls from a fixed phone to a mobile phone.
In this scenario, a call comes from the PBX towards the mobile switch, which initiates a session to the CAMEL platform and returns the DEF number of the called mobile subscriber in a response message.
Benefits of billing
- Calls between mobiles using short numbering are made at the cost of a call within a closed group.
- Calls from mobile to landline are made at the cost of a call within a closed group.
- Calls from intranet roaming are made at the cost of a call within a closed group.
Additional savings can be obtained by customers who have their own distributed telephone network and are ready to organize several joints with switches on the Beeline network. 
From the beginning of the last century, businessmen, military and professional revolutionaries knew for sure that if they controlled communications, this would guarantee them at least half of their success. It is the telephone services that MGTS has been providing for 127 years. Started in 1882 as a hand-held telephone exchange at 6 Kuznetsky Most in the house of the merchant Popov, it is now one of the largest local wire communication companies in Europe. It is on her example that we will consider all the stages of the development of telephone communications in Russia.
Fixed links
Opened in 1882, Bell Telephone Company had only 26 subscribers. But even before the beginning of the new century, she managed to gain about 3 thousand more - at that time the record was really remarkable. By the way, then the numbers consisted of only four digits - it was difficult to get lost, and the telephone directories were not as voluminous as they are now. A little later, on December 31, 1898, the longest intercity line in Europe Moscow-Petersburg was opened. By the way, the intercity station was located on Myasnitskaya Street, where the Central Telegraph Office was located (now the building of the Main Moscow Post Office).The first telephones, remote bells (at first there weren't any in the devices) and switches.
A telephone set on the wall - there is no dial-up, all connections are through the operator, but on the right there is a knob, twisting which one could call a "young lady".
But the true scope of the fixed communication received at the very beginning of the XX century, when the ownership of the Moscow telephone network passed to the Swedish-Danish-Russian joint stock company... To popularize the service, talented managers lowered prices and began modernization - easily breaking wires (the so-called "air") were removed into underground cables and in four years they built a Central Telephone Station, with a capacity of up to 60 thousand numbers - this capacity was not immediately mastered and introduced gradually into operation. The main working tool of that time was a multi-type (connecting) switch - an object that vaguely resembles a piano. At the time of the opening of Hall "A" at the Central Station, such " musical instruments"112 stood along the walls. And behind each of them sat a young lady with a headset - a set of earphone and microphone. Call processing was carried out manually - each incoming call was" taken "by a distribution telephone operator and passed on to a currently free colleague, who made a connection with the called subscriber It was with her that the subscriber spoke, naming his addressee. The work of the "telephone lady" was difficult - 200 hours a month I had to sit on a hard chair with an iron headset of a microphone fixed on her chest, heavy headphones and quickly get plugs into the cells of the switchboard, which stood in front of In an hour, it was possible to make up to 170 calls (excluding "sorry - busy"), but the work went to wear and tear. By the way, already in 1909, the first 26 public telephones were promptly installed within the city and 17 outside the city. The payment for the conversation was quite impressive 10 kopecks, but it was "unlimited" - there were no restrictions on the duration of the conversation. It was.One of the first payphones - for 10 kopecks one could speak without interruption.
Later payphone - there are clear instructions for the user how and what to do to establish a connection.
One of the versions of the operator's connecting switch is not the very first, but more recent, in the 30s of the XX century.
The trademark plates remain to this day.
By the beginning of the revolutionary 1917, communications in the capital had been so well established that V. I. Lenin, in his article "Marxism and the uprising", explicitly set the task for his subordinates "to take the telephone and telegraph office", and in addition, "to place our headquarters for the telephone exchange "for convenient communication not only with factories, but also with loyal army units. That is, the slogan "The main thing is communication with the masses" was carried out precisely thanks to telephone communication. Already in 1918, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the use of Moscow city telephones" was signed - in accordance with it, all Moscow telephones were transferred to the disposal of a special commission, and the devices were primarily to be provided to police departments, military commandant's offices, institutions and enterprises of the city , and only then - the population. The Bolsheviks did most of all for the installation of telephones in the capital - the latest technical solutions appeared in our country, albeit with a delay, but they worked for a long time and reliably. Great importance was attached to fast and reliable communications - fulfilling a party order to organize reliable communication lines to govern the country, Stalin himself in the early 1920s, having previously consulted with communist engineers, organized a contract with Erickson. Under this contract, since 1930, the company has been supplying the first automatic telephone exchanges to Moscow. A little earlier, with the installation in September 1918 of the 100-number switchboard TsB-100/20 in the telephone room of the Kremlin and the installation of an automatic telephone exchange (ATC VTsIK) in the Kremlin in 1922, the ATC-1 system, better known as the "turntable ". Unlike the regular telephone network, where at that time the connection was made through an operator, subscribers were connected to each other using a PBX and a rotary dial. In the future, the system was intensively expanded, and was also equipped with access to other systems of government and military communications (the so-called HF), which were often also called by the people "turntable". At the same time, in the mid-30s, wire communication descended into the metro - the strategic facility was fully telephoned from the very beginning of construction.The strict design of telephones - such devices could be located in the apartments of responsible workers or be connected to a "turntable" in their offices.
Special communication in the metro was organized with the help of such devices.
Various phone book formats - "turntable guide" in the center.
For high-ranking officials, special telephone directories were regularly issued (thick red books, shaped like a modern credit card) - there you could quickly find the numbers of all the leaders of the country. "Beautiful numbers" were not appreciated at that time - even the top management was assigned them one by one, without any exceptions (however, the head of the Cheka, Comrade Dzerzhinsky, had number 007). The stations were adjusted by foreign specialists, for whose services considerable sums in convertible currency and gold were allocated. Domestic specialists quickly learned and not only absorbed foreign experience, but also at an accelerated pace created the system of the so-called. wiretapping - control of telephone conversations in the interests of state security. Although the number of subscribers increased, they were all known personally, many conversations were recorded on tape recorders, not only party comrades, officers of the army and special services were under control, but also calls on payphones to the embassies of foreign states. Since then, this system has been repeatedly modified and now operates under the name SORM and SORM-2.A fragment of the first computer exchange, installed in 1930 - a rarity of the communication system.
In 1942, the "young ladies", connecting subscribers with each other, finally disappeared - everything began to be carried out automatically. By the way, one of these automatic decade-step stations is still in operation and is successfully used in the MGTS museum - despite its quite "combat" state, the main load has been removed from it, it works only as an exhibition specimen. The principle of operation in a simplified version is as follows: in one cabinet, one digit is typed with a characteristic click (a special lever visually rises), in another - the second, in the third - the next, and so on all seven numbers. At this time, we hear a characteristic clicking sound in the tube. After the end of the conversation (when the subscriber hangs up), all raised levers are lowered. Since the mid-60s, in connection with the expansion of the construction of Moscow, the general installation of telephones began, then often people stood in line "for the phone" for more than 15 years - longer than in the line for apartments (yes, there were no mobile phones yet absolutely).At first, payphones were made of wood, then they were vandal-proof, made of metal, and modern ones are made of durable plastic.
Typical mid-century phone booth.
At the same time, extensive construction of a network of payphones began - especially in new areas, where there were no telephones at all in new buildings.Domestic radiotelephones "Altai" practically did not differ from Nokia, with the only difference that they were automobile, and Nokia was a wearable terminal.
The telephones should be mentioned separately. The first models were, of course, imported, and the design was not distinguished by ergonomics - the body of the device with a rigidly mounted microphone was attached to the wall. At the same time, the subscribers had to either stand on tiptoe or bend over to the microphone so that they could be heard well. Only in 1927 did the Krasnaya Zarya plant produce the first domestic telephone sets. By the way, both publicly available payphones and cars of senior officials connected to the Altai radiotelephone network were equipped with domestic models: approximately the same devices, in various modifications, of course, were installed in KGB and police vehicles.In accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 28, 2005 No. 161 "On approval of the Rules for the connection of telecommunication networks and their interaction", a fixed-line network is understood as a telephone network common usedefined geographically within the service area and using the numbering resource for geographically defined numbering zones. Fixed telephone networks include networks of local, zonal, as well as long distance and international telephone communication.
The undisputed leader in the fixed telephony market is currently the national telecommunications company of Russia, OJSC Rostelecom. The company has existed in its current form since April 2011, when the interregional telecommunications companies OJSC Svyazinvest joined the national long-distance operator OJSC Rostelecom.
The merged company OJSC Rostelecom currently has the largest backbone communication network in Russia with a length of more than 500 thousand km and a unique infrastructure of access to more than 35 million Russian households.
In the local telephony market, Rostelecom's share of subscribers is at least 70%. In the market of intra-zone communication services, the share of OJSC Rostelecom in terms of revenue is about 71%, and its share in revenue from long-distance and international telephone services is 66%.
It should be noted that the merged OJSC Rostelecom is not only the leader in fixed telephony, but also the leader in the Russian Internet access market. The total capacity of its client connections exceeds 1 TB / s.
More than 100 million people use various services of the company.
In Russia as a whole, by the end of 2011, the number of fixed telephone connections was 30.93 per 100 people. However, it should be noted that this indicator has been steadily decreasing for several years now. The decrease in the subscriber base in Russia as a whole is 2.5% - 3% per year. Thus, the total number of fixed-line telephone subscribers in 2012 decreased by more than 1 million and reached a value of about 43 million.
The main reason for this trend is the replacement of fixed telephone services with mobile services. This trend is mainly seen in the segment of physical users. In the segment of legal entities, the decline is very insignificant (0.4%) and therefore we can speak of the continued high demand for fixed telephone services in the corporate sector of the market.
It should be noted that against the background of a general decrease in demand for fixed telephone services, a reverse trend is observed in a number of regions (for example, Nizhny Novgorod), when the number of fixed-line subscribers since 2009, contrary to the all-Russian trend, has been steadily growing. This is due to the fact that in these regions, in addition to telephone services, broadband Internet access services and various video services, including HD television services, are simultaneously provided via the subscriber's fiber-optic line.
All this suggests that fixed telephony has not yet exhausted its potential. Today it still has undeniable advantages over mobile communications. These are, first of all:
- high security of communication, since interception of messages is largely difficult;
- high reliability and quality of communication, which especially increase when organizing access via a fiber-optic communication line;
- high stability of maintaining high quality communication over time.
It should also be noted that the above advantages apply not only to the transmission of voice information, but also to the transmission of any other information, including broadband.
Considering that in Russia the penetration rate of broadband access is only 14.7 connections per 100 people (which is half the level of developed countries), a fairly competitive growth point remains in the provision of high-speed Internet access and various video services for fixed-line operators.
The main advantage of Russian operators of fixed telephony networks, and especially of OJSC Rostelecom, is the presence of a developed packet network infrastructure, which allows transferring large amounts of information at the backbone and regional levels, and at the local level, “pulling up” the optical cable infrastructure as close to the premises as possible. user.
The main competitor to fixed broadband access using fiber-optic communication lines based on FTTX architecture or PON technology is broadband wireless mobile Internet access based on UMTS (3G) and LTE technologies.
According to experts, if the operators of the Big Three succeed in providing coverage of a significant part of the territory of Russia on the basis of LTE technology, then the ratio of revenues in mobile and fixed networks will remain unchanged. This means that more than half of all industry revenues will come from mobile revenues.
In this situation, fixed telephony networks must use technologies that ensure the convergence of mobile and fixed services. Thus, the promising networks of large fixed-line operators should be built on the basis of IMS or IMS-Ready technology. Accordingly, all services in such a network must be provided over IP. This will allow, on the one hand. Provide subscribers with access to a very wide range of services, and on the other hand, significantly reduce the costs of their provision.
The basic package of services in such networks may look like "Broadband Internet access + SIP telephony + IPTV".
Operators of the Big Three have also realized the prospects of creating universal converged communication networks and are actively building fixed-line networks in order to reduce the cost of transmitting their traffic, as well as to introduce new multimedia services based on the SIP protocol for both mobile subscribers and fixed-line subscribers. ...
Thus, the main tasks of FSUE TsNIIS in the field of communication networks are:
- development of standard network solutions for the implementation of competitive technologies of wired and wireless broadband access in the networks of telecom operators;
- development of system network solutions for the implementation of various video services in the networks of telecom operators, including HD television services;
- development of system-network solutions for the creation of a network infrastructure of universal converged networks ALL-IP, ensuring the provision of mobile and fixed communication services;
- development of system-network solutions based on distributed combined NGN nodes, providing mobile and fixed telephone services;
- development of proposals for amendments and additions to the legislative and regulatory framework of the industry in order to ensure safe interconnection of converged communication networks using VoIP technology.
Surely, almost every person has a landline telephone at home, from which you can call both landline and long distance, mobile and even international numbers. Fixed-line telephony is a communications industry that has now been undeservedly relegated to the background and replaced by wireless mobile gadgets. However, is the situation really so deplorable, and is the deplorable state of telephony not exaggerated? Let's try to figure out all these nuances.
Fixed telephony
A landline telephone is a very convenient means of communication that helps to transfer audio messages between subscribers. The difference between this communication technology and mobile communication is that subscribers must have a fixed location, at most, you can move around the building if you use a radio. Fixed telephone communication is now very rarely used by ordinary consumers, as they prefer mobile phones, but for doing business, this type of communication is simply irreplaceable, and has a number of undeniable advantages :
- Low monthly fee;
- Availability of additional services;
- Possibility to combine branches from different cities into one corporation;
- Security of information transmitted within the company;
- The ability to exchange data in various formats;
- Low costs for the purchase of devices and network maintenance.
Additional services from fixed line operators?
Previously, a landline phone was only used to receive audio messages and their transmission. It was quite difficult to get a printout with phone numbers and the time of making calls, for this you had to write a special application, wait for your turn, in one word, a real epic. However, now fixed-line operators are doing everything possible to make their services as comfortable as possible for users. Now in the personal account, each subscriber can view the history of his calls and the use of additional functions, check the balance and top up it in a matter of minutes. It is also worth noting that fixed-line networks in our time are served much better and faster than a decade ago, in the event of breakdowns or failures, repair teams promptly eliminate them.
In addition to telephony, subscribers receive the following services:
- Highest speed broadband Internet access;
- Transfer of all types of information using any protocols, which is ensured by SDH technology;
- Consolidation of geographically distant offices and branches into one network.
Fixed line fading
The owners of cellular networks once predicted that multi-level regional industry networks with fixed connections would simply disappear from the face of the Earth, as mobile communications can completely replace them. However, there is one very important component that did not allow the predictions to come true - the financial one. Despite the high capabilities of modern fixed-line communication, it costs subscribers much cheaper than cellular. In the conditions of the crisis, this factor played a decisive role, the type of communication that was supposed to outlive itself began, contrary to competent opinions, on the contrary, to develop.
The greatest evidence of a not very rapid, but confident exit to quality new level, is the introduction of fixed communications in the package of services from mobile operators. Everyone wants to have a wide client base and satisfy the needs of as many subscribers as possible, therefore this type of communication is very widely used to build new partnerships between service providers and their consumers.
Modern fixed line
Now fixed-line communication is most often used in enterprises and companies, but it has also spread among ordinary consumers, since it began to differ in much higher quality than that which subscribers received before.
Modern fixed-line communication allows:
- Make and receive calls;
- To enjoy additional services operators;
- Receive network service in a timely manner;
- Organize highly effective communication systems between company employees.
